Exotic earthworms are altering soil structure, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity in North American forests.

Measuring body length and weight reveals growth rates, adaptability, and the ecological impact of these invaders.

Researchers sampled diverse forest ecosystems, including mixed hardwoods and coniferous stands, for this study.

A standardized mustard solution was safely applied to quadrats to induce the earthworms to surface for collection.

Dendrobaena octaedra, Aporrectodea longa, and Lumbricus terrestris were the three invasive species found.

The largest species found, capable of significant soil disturbance and rapid nutrient cycling through burrowing.

This tiny earthworm focuses on leaf litter decomposition and fine-scale soil processes at the surface level.

With an intermediate size, it showcases a versatile ecological function, balancing traits of large and small worms.

Regression models proved strong, positive links between body length and weight, revealing energy allocation.

Large species deplete organic layers, while smaller ones change soil microaggregates, compounding the invasion impact.

These biomass models provide critical tools to predict carbon turnover and develop forest conservation strategies.