Extreme Weather 2025: How ENSO and IOD Drove Global Disasters
The escalation of 2025 extreme weather events represents a stark mathematical reality of our rapidly warming planet. When analyzing meteorological hazards, it is scientifically inadequate to view floods, droughts, and wildfires as isolated anomalies. Instead, we must examine the macro-level physical drivers—specifically the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)—that dictate global…